Practices

There are 63 types of practices, organised in 9 groups

Every type of practice has a specification (spec.) which qualifies or specifies the nature or object of the type of practice

Institution

= performance of prerogatives & duties explicitly linked to manṣabs

Accession docs. = public production or reception of docs. that publicly confirm appointment or promotion to manṣabsand/or related access to income.

spec. = marsūm, tawqīʿ, taqlīd, other

Assigning = using one’s position as patron to make someone do something for you which is not linked to any manṣab-duty, including to enforce one’s will on others

spec. = mission, milit campaign, other

Discharging = E39 with the institutional capacity to do so explicitly discharges another E39 from his manṣab

spec. = manṣab

Meeting= meetings & conferences between manṣab holders, connected to the fact that they are manṣab holders

spec. = ijtima’, hudur, reconciliation, other

Ordering = execute one’s manṣab authority by giving orders to others/subordinates to perform duties linked to manṣab-holding (including refs. to roots rasama, ʾamara...)

spec. = arrest, military campaign, mission, attendance, obedience, other

Performing= execute any prerogative or duty the authority/ responsibility for which is linked to the manṣab one performs [except for ordering subordinates]

spec. = military, local, household, public, financial, religious, administrative, central, other

Ritual = explicit reference to any type of ritual performance or ceremony before, after or during term of manṣab and involving a public representation of power, authority and/or status (incl. mawkib, khidma, ḥilf, bayʿa, dress [khilʿa, tashrīf, sharbūsh...], drums, horses, mawlid, maḥmal ...)

spec. = accession observances, attire, gift giving, public punishment[execution, tasmīr...], procession [mawkib, miqyas...], milit. ceremony [inspection, furusīya, victory celebration, ...], ‘Islamic’ ceremony [mawlid, maḥmal,kiswa, ḥajj, khutba, prayer, ...], feasting, hunting, obedience [oaths, congratulations, entrances, key presenting...], public session [khidma, majlis, maẓālim...]

Niʿma

= benefit: various forms of patronage, of awarding benefit to others

Appointing = awarding a local, public, household, administrative, religious, financial... manṣab

spec. = manṣab

Ceremonial benefit = awarding of benefit or privileges with ritual connotation, often linked to promotion, appointment or assignment & certainly to ritual, often in return for explicit or implicit services rendered (incl. khilʿa, tashrīf, sharbūsh, horses with equipment and/ or saddles, the right to sit down ...)

spec. = attire, horses+, privileges, other

Direct benefit = awarding of direct (financial) benefit in return for any services  (+ ritual, ceremonial benefit) (incl. nafaqa, manumission !)

spec. = money, exemption, manumission, change of sentence (partial & full-scale, incl.pardon), protection (himāya, ...), gift, honouring, other

Performing charity = investing in any form of charity, from mere generosity over zakāt to setting up of waqfs

spec. = alms, waqf

Promising manṣabs = promising future benefit in the format of a manṣab in return for services (to be) rendered

spec. = manṣab

Promising direct benefit = promising future benefit of direct [financial] reward in return for services (to be) rendered

spec. =money, exemption, manumission, change of sentence (partial & full-scale, incl.pardon), protection (himāya, ...), gift, honouring, other

Promoting = awarding a military manṣab

spec. = manṣab

regular income = assigning regular access to income, often linked to promotion or appointment (incl. jāmakīya, iqṭāʿ, stipends, food or other rations... including even the mahr for women)

spec. = wage, iqṭāʿ, stipends, other

Shafāʿa

= intercession for client and/or with patron and more complicated three-tiered relationship: patron - middleman/broker -  client

Interceding with (broker) = middleman E39 intercedes with dominant E39 for client for any matter/subject (incl. manṣab)

spec. = money, exemption, manumission, change of sentence (partial & full-scale, incl.pardon), protection (himāya, ...), gift, honouring, other

Interceding (client) = subordinate E39 requests for intercession by a middleman/broker E39 with a third, dominant E39

spec. = money, exemption, manumission, change of sentence (partial & full-scale, incl.pardon), protection (himāya, ...), gift, honouring, other

Interceding (patrons - other) = dominant E39 patron accepts intercession and arranges something (no manṣab!) for a third E39

spec. = money, exemption, manumission, change of sentence (partial & full-scale, incl.pardon), protection (himāya, ...), gift, honouring, other

Interceding (patrons - manṣab) = dominant E39 patron accepts intercession and arranges promotion or appointment for a third E39

spec. = manṣab

Khidma

= service: various forms of service to a patron by a client

Informing = E39 provides another E39 with any type of intelligence

spec. = fitna, daily affairs, death, other

Obeying = E39 performs an (explicit/implicit) order from a patron E39, which happens only once or irregular at best

spec. = military action, labour, travel, policy, other

Paying = E39 pays or promises to pay an amount in cash in the hope to receive the recipient’s patronage, eg. in the format of release, exemption, mission ... (but no manṣab)

spec. = taxes, fines, redemption, other

Paying (manṣab) = E39 pays or promises to pay an amount in cash in the hope to receive the recipient’s patronage in the explicit format of an appointment or promotion

spec. = manṣab

Presenting = E39 presents (a) precious gift(s) (often taqdima, qawd, hadāyā and possibly even including cash) or booty as token of respect (‘ritual’!), subordination and/or obedience for/to the recipient E39

spec. = cash, animals, clothing, honouring, unspecified, other

Requesting = E39 requests for others’ support and/or benefit, eg. in the format of alms, military assistance, protection against danger/harm, extension of time, postponement of punishment, amnesty (ʿafw), exemption from missions or orders (ʿidhr...)

spec. = alms, assistance, money, exemption, manumission, change of sentence (partial & full-scale), protection, gift, other

Serving = E39 is considered to belong to the regular entourage or service of a patron E39 (khadama, lāzama, ṣāḥaba ...)

spec. = lzm, ṣḥb, tbʿ, other

Supporting = E39 intends to support or supports one or more peers, mostly in a military context

spec. = mission, military campaign

Kinship

= construction, formation and/or application of affectional and (fictional) kin ties

Adopting = E39 adopts another E39 as son, or refers to or makes use of such a fictional kinship tie

spec. = adopting, exploiting, other

Giving in marriage = E39 gives one of his kin in marriage to another E39, or refers to or makes use of such a fictional kinship tie

spec. = E39

Intimacy = E39 explicitly creates, refers to or makes use of intimacy tie with another E39 (eg. khāṣṣ, nadīm, jalīs…)

spec. = creating, exploiting, other

Khushdāshīya = E39 becomes mamluk comrade with another mamluk, or refers to or makes use of such a mamlūk-mamlūk tie

spec. = engaging, exploiting, other

Marrying = E39 marries another (female) E39, or refers to or makes use of such a kinship tie

spec. = marrying, exploiting, other

Parenting = E39 becomes father/mother of another newborn E39, or refers to or makes use of such a kinship tie

spec. = becoming, exploiting, other

Rallying relatives = E39 brings in/activates one or more relatives to join his entourage

spec. = rallying, exploiting, other

Ukhūwa = E39 explicitly creates, refers to or makes use of ukhūwa tie with another E39

spec. = engaging, exploiting, other

Ustādhīya = E39 buys one or more mamluks for his personal corps, manumits one of such mamlūks, or refers to or makes use of such a mamlūk-ustādh tie

spec. = buying, manumitting, training, exploiting, other

Fitna

= conflict: different types of tension and struggle for power, considered from a dyadic perspective

Acting = E39 performs acts against another E39 (or group) that is to be situated in a fitna context, but does not belong to any of the other types (including expelling people from their houses, ...)

spec. = assassination plan, denunciation, denying, manṣab, expulsion, general, investigation, rumours, terrorizing, unknown, other

Arresting = E39 directly (in person or through representatives) generates another E39 deprival of his liberty, or at least the continuation of or changes to such deprival.

spec. = seizing, capturing, custody, house arrest, transfer, prison

Assassinating = E39 generates the killing of another E39, in a non- public, illegitimate and/or combat context

spec. = battle, non-battle

Banishing = E39 generates another E39 removal to a city or site where he/she can no longer be politically very active and that (explicitly or implicitly) serves as a place of exile

spec. = (place of exile), unknown

Battling = E39 (with/without supporters and troops) engages in any public confrontation with another E39 (with/without supporters and troops), that involves violence

spec. = military campaign, nomad campaign, street violence, combination, other

Confiscating = E39 directly (in person or through representatives) generates the (publicly communicated and/or legitimised) seizing of at least part of another E39 property, often under duress

spec. = cash, movable, immovable, combination, general, other

Degrading = E39 explicitly takes another E39 military manṣab and offers him another military manṣab, clearly lower in rank and status (including baṭṭāl!) instead

spec. = manṣab

Deserting = E39 enters the service of another E39, forsaking to serve, support or obey his patron in a given historical context (often conflict)

spec. = E39, unknown

Dismissing = E39 explicitly discharges another E39 from a local, public, household, administrative, religious, financial... manṣab

spec. = manṣab

Looting = E39 (mostly group !) steals goods from another E39, mostly in a violent context

spec. = cash, movable, immovable, general, unknown, other

Negative communication = E39 attempts to or manages to fill another E39 with fear, including public boasting about his unmatchable capacities and/or public threat’s to the other E39 personal integrity, status or position (including spread of rumours concerning his allegedly imminent arrest) and exerts a shrewd or even devious influence on others

spec. = threatening, subterfuge, rumours, insulting, other

Punishing = E39 imposes or has inflicted a predominantly physical penalty on another E39, as public retribution for an offence

spec. = execution, physical penalty, fine, torturing, general, other

Quarrelling = E39 has an argument or disagreement with another E39 (or group) which includes public refusals, altercations and public displays of unhappiness or insubordination (revolt, rebellion ... khurūj ʿan al-ṭāʿa) by one E39 against the other, but which simultaneously involves exchange of words and/or military prowess rather than of violent acts

spec. = competing, insubordination, displaying unhappiness, accusation, demanding, altercation, denial of request, general, other

Removing income = E39 takes away another E39 rights to regular access to income

spec. = wage, iqṭāʿ, stipends, ration, waqf, other

Other

= dyadic interactions that do not fit in with the other groups

Construction = E39 commissions construction of monuments etc...

spec. = military, public, religious, residential, other

Meeting = E39 has a meeting with another E39, devoid of any institutional or fitna-context

spec. = visit, negotiation, unknown, other

Foreign Relations

= different types of interactions with elites not belonging to the Cairo Sultanate

Conflicts = E39 engages in any type of inter-regime or inter-regional conflict with another E39, including diplomatic disputes and violent confrontations (eg. raids, war)

spec. = quarrelling, battling, unknown

Contact = E39 engages in any type of inter-regime or inter-regional contact with another E39, including references to mutual envoys, diplomatic exchange & other formats of communication (eg. ransoming of prisoners of war)

spec. = envoy+, gift, message+, other

Trade = E39 engages in a specific, commercial inter-regime or inter- regional exchange relation with another E39

spec. = sugar, spices, grain, artefacts, equipment, slaves, bullion, other

Non-interaction

= individual, non-dyadic actions

Traveling =  explicit reference of E39 leaving for or travelling to a place or locality (tawajjaha, sāfara ...)

Arriving = explicit reference to E39 reaching of a place or locality (qadima ...)

Hajj = explicit reference to E39 performing the pilgrimage to Mecca, or to his performing any related activity (including departing with, joining or leading the caravans)

Dying = explicit reference to E39 decease (outside of fitnacontext !) (verb: māta, tuwuffiya...)

Minting = explicit reference to E39 involvement in the minting of coints (ḍariba, sikka...)

Fleeing = explicit reference to E39 running away from a place or situation of danger (farra, hariba ...)

Ending term = general but explicit reference to an E39 ending his term of manṣab, without reference to any type of interaction

Preparing for battle = explicit reference to E39 preparing for an imminent confrontation